Hebrew Academy

The marks that bring letters to life.

Vowel marks are placed above, below or inside Hebrew letters. Learn their forms before combining them with consonants.

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Reference guide

Learn one symbol at a time.

Read the reference list, then test your memory with interactive flashcards.

The dotted circle ◌ is a visual placeholder, not a Hebrew consonant. Some marks, including sheva and qamats, depend on context.

Shuruq — וּ: the /u/ vowel uses vav with an interior dot. It is not a consonant dagesh like the dot in פּ (p).